https://ubuntusafa.com/posts/413146 To what extent are European energy companies shaping policies in oil and gas-rich Asian nations (Middle East, Central Asia)? The influence of European energy companies on the policies of oil and gas-rich Asian nations, specifically in the Middle East and Central Asia, is substantial but often indirect, evolving from a historical reliance on extractive control to a complex partnership model shaped by the global energy transition and geopolitical shifts. While the era of overt, colonial-style control has long